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Strange as it might seem, some people are trying to redeploy archaic, even antiquarian terms to de-throne Raphael Lemkin's superb trove denoting the ultimate inhuman act of state total terror. The jurist and linguist Lemkin knew well all about those terms whether the religiously charged Greek word Holocaust=Whole-Burnt, or the Hebrew Shoah=Catastrophe, just to mention a few. Lemkin was adamant why he had to find a new, more precise, politically pristine and religiously unbiased word Genocide.
Yes, the word Holocaust was used even during the massacres of the Armenians in 1890's, to underline the religious aspect of the tragedy?Christian Armenians massacred by Moslem Turks and Kurds –as a large mass of Armenians were burnt alive in the Urfa Cathedral in 1895. Hence the word Holocaust was used by the noted missionary Corin Shattuck to visualize and characterize the horrible event.
In the Armenian language the translation of the word Holocaust = Voghchagizoum was used in literature quite often, throughout many centuries. After Lemkin's coinage of Genocide, the better understanding of the political and economic implications of that inhuman act, let alone its aspect of religious intolerance, necessitated for the Armenians too to find its precise equivalence in their own language, hence the word Tseghasbanoutyoun was coined. Ancient and modern Armenian translations of the Holy Scriptures have, nevertheless, kept the word voghchagizoum = holocaust in all the constituent books, faithful to the Word?s exclusively religious meanings; particularly in Leviticus?The Third Book of Moses, deciphering the rituals related to the act of Holocaust, its various functions of atonement to forgive sins and as an offering ?of a sweet saviour unto the LORD [Jehovah]??
Bearing in mind the total terror that genocide causes, I find it absurd to refer back to archaic terms, especially those with religious connotations of atonement/forgiveness, as with Holocaust. Etymologically, Holocaust means ?whole-burnt? and is intrinsically linked with the act of sacrifice–a sacrificial offering which is completely consumed by fire whereby cleansing from sins and ultimately purification is expected to be attained.
Does genocide ?taketh away the sins? of the murdered community whether massacred, gassed or burnt? Or does it perhaps cleanse the sins of the murderers for the bliss of purification? God forbid.
German Nazis, like their proto-models in Congo, Namibia, Ethiopia?s Italian Fascists and the ?Young Turks?, committed the ultimate crime against humanity rightly expressed as Genocide. With all respect to all concerned, I must say that Holocaust is an erroneous and misleading coinage of the reality it is hoped to illustrate and define. More importantly it is unfair to the millions of the Jewish victims of the ultimate Nazi crime-Genocide.
The Assyrians, moreover, are now trying to emulate the Hebrew Shoah by using their own archaic Seifo = Sword, hence 'Hacked by Sword'. It seems, the Assyrians too are, unwittingly, 'singling? out their boundless tragedy with the usage of Seifo, just as the Jews with the Holocaust or its wrong synonym Shoa.
I humbly believe that adopting the word Genocide from the resources of our own languages is a challenge worth taking with scholarly passion.
In 2007, I attended the event in remembrance of 59th Anniversary of Nakba (PALSOC-SOAS-LSE SU, Khalili theatre, 21st May). Interesting though the discussion was, there seemed to me an intellectual hangover around Nakba, which in Arabic means Calamity, Disaster, Catastrophe, exactly as in Hebrew.Shoah. It reminded me of the usage of Seifo in Assyrian.
I did raise the following question to the panel:
“Why the reluctance to use Genocide? I have in mind Lemkin's wide ranging and inclusive spectrum of it's historical significance, when all the 'components' of the tragedy are already and even scholarly demonstrated, such as Ilan Pappe calling it Ethnic Cleansing, Moshe Machover draws the parallel not with Apartheid but, significantly, with the Americo-Indian Reservation Camps' annihilation policy. Hence why Nakba, Shoah, Seifo, not to mention the religiously saturated Holocaust?
To my astonishment the whole panel was perturbed. They all were adamant that the Palestinian tragedy had nothing to do with Genocide, although one of them unwittingly accepted that there were some instances of genocidal aspects to it. Finally, Dr Prof Haim Bresheeth came to rescue the situation from the political left, as he claimed, lecturing with zeal that we all should respect what the national culture dictates concerning their own tragedy, that the proof of the matter is that even Intifada is now used internationally as a unique concept of struggle, hence the persistence of Nakba for more than half a century should be enough for us to keep it alive and not change it, he advised complacently.
That meant, for me at least, that the Jewish resistance/uprising in
Two weeks later, on June 5, 2007, during the Q&A session at the Amnesty International's No Justice, No Peace. The Occupation of
“As I mentioned during my brief encounter with you at AI, I followed with heightened interest and profit your legal arguments concerning the appalling, continued suffering of the Palestinian people, the illegality of the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and the blatant, obsessive feel of insecurity of the people of Israel, especially those ca half a million living in the illegal settlements as neo-colonial enclaves in the shadow of ca half a century of bloody conflict.”
Just a day later, on June 6, Sir G. Bindman responded swiftly, gracefully and cautiously: ?Thank you very much for sending me this.?
All the above notwithstanding, the most puzzling coinage to date is The Anfal, now in use for the genocide of the Kurds.
Chapter 8th of the Holy Qur?an is named as Al-Anfal, which is the name for the spoils and gains, or in fact the bounty taken after what it?s called a just, religious war, hence belonging to the Just Cause, as a Divine Gift.
Lo & behold, the late Iraqi despot, Saddam Hussein, while still the staunch lackey of Western imperialism in the Middle East, had the appalling audacity to coin Anfal his robbery of Kurdish properties left after his genocidal massacres of the Kurds, as for example in Halabja, With a strange but similar twist of concepts, that same religiously-saturated word continued to be used by the survivors of that genocide and their descendants.
But it?s worth remembering that the Holy Qur?an itself makes it absolutely clear that such ?spoils are at the disposal of God and the Apostle? (IQRA Trust publication, The Holy Qur?an, p 415.
Is it too far fetched to assume that the Kurdish survivors and their descendants envisage themselves as The Anfal or the true living bounty of the tragedy befallen the Kurdish nation? If so, we might as well say: fair enough. But the truth of the matter is, strange as it might seem, that Anfal is now used to specifically denote The Genocide of the Kurds as their national tragedy, not unlike Holocaust, Seifo, Shoa or Aghed and Yeghern (or more often, Medz Yeghern = Big Crime) of the Armenians.
It may sound strange, but there are a couple of Armenian professors in American universities who prefer, even now, the Hebrew Shoah=Catastrophe?s precise Armenian equivalence, Aghed, to replace Tzeghasbanoutyoun = Genocide.
Poor old Raphael Lemkin! Latter-day sophists are trying to 'by-pass' him, particularly now that concepts such as Democracy, Socialism, Freedom, Human Rights, and what not, are made to lose their essential meanings, nay even are made to ?act? as their antinomies in real life through their post-modernist, neo-con and neo-liberal abuse.
Yes, even language is experiencing a collateral damage indeed.
To top it all, the recent and most popular President of the USA since J.F. Kennedy, Barak Obama, chose to use Medz Yeghern, in his April 24, 2009 commemorative speech in remembrance of the Genocide of the Armenians, without ever mentioning the word Genocide, let alone it?s modern and precise Armenian equivalence: Tseghsbanoutyoun. When addressing the American Armenian voters during his presidential campaigns, the word the distinguished Senator Barak Obama always used, was Genocide. Naturally he got most of the American Armenian votes.
As President of USA, militarily the most powerful country in the world, President Obama chose to ?balkanise? Lemkin?s coinage of the word, singling out one of its national culture dictated pre-Lemkinian usage, as if unwittingly emulating Dr Prof Haim Bresheeth?s advice (mentioned here above), thus avoiding the more precise, politically pristine and religiously unbiased word Genocide.
The question remains: Why President Obama?s archaic choice?
Although the answer is not hard to decipher from the history of the last century, our turbulent times too will soon teach us new lessons, granted we are willing to learn and act upon it.
May I please comment on the word genocide. Raphael Lemkin did not invent the word genocide. This word is a Greek word (yenoktonia / γενοκτονεία). All he did is anglicised it. Alex